Toyotomi Hideyoshi (豐臣秀吉；1537—1598)
縱觀日本歷史上，從一介賤民成爲公卿太政大臣的武將僅豐臣秀吉一人，亦使其與同時代的主君織田信長、及創立江戶幕府的德川家康並稱為「戰國三傑」。
- Berry, Mary Elizabeth. (1982). Hideyoshi. Cambridge: Harvard UP, ISBN 978-0674390256; OCLC 8195691
Toyotomi Hideyoshi | |||
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豊臣 秀吉 | |||
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| Chief Advisor to the Emperor (Kampaku) | |||
| In office August 6, 1585 – February 10, 1592 | |||
| Monarchs | |||
| Preceded by | Nijō Akizane | ||
| Succeeded by | Toyotomi Hidetsugu | ||
| Chancellor of the Realm (Daijō Daijin) | |||
| In office February 2, 1586 – September 18, 1598 | |||
| Monarch | Go-Yōzei | ||
| Preceded by | Konoe Sakihisa | ||
| Succeeded by | Tokugawa Ieyasu | ||
| Head of Toyotomi clan | |||
| In office 1584–1598 | |||
| Succeeded by | Toyotomi Hideyori | ||
| Personal details | |||
| Born | Hiyoshi-maru (日吉丸) March 17, 1537 Nakamura-ku, Nagoya, Owari Province | ||
| Died | September 18, 1598 (aged 61) Fushimi Castle, Kyoto, Japan | ||
| Spouses | |||
| Domestic partner | Kaihime (concubine) | ||
| Children |
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| Parents |
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| Relatives |
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| Religion | Shinto | ||
| Other names |
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| Divine name | Toyokuni Daimyōjin (豊国大明神) | ||
| Posthumous dharma name | Kokutai-yūshō-in-den Reizan Shunryū Daikoji (国泰祐松院殿霊山俊龍大居士) | ||
| Signature |  | ||
| Nickname(s) | "Kozaru" (little monkey) "Saru" (monkey) "Toyokuni daimyōjin" | ||
| Military service | |||
| Allegiance | |||
| Rank | Daimyō, Kampaku, Daijō-daijin | ||
| Unit | Toyotomi clan | ||
| Commands | Osaka Castle | ||
| Battles/wars | Siege of Inabayama Siege of Kanegasaki Battle of Anegawa Siege of Nagashima Battle of Ichijodani Siege of Itami Battle of Nagashino Siege of Mitsuji Battle of Tedorigawa Siege of Miki Siege of Tottori Siege of Takamatsu Battle of Yamazaki Battle of Shizugatake Battle of Komaki and Nagakute Negoro-ji Campaign Toyama Campaign Kyūshū campaign Odawara Campaign Korean Campaign See below | ||
| Japanese name | |||
| Shinjitai | 豊臣 秀吉 | ||
| Kyūjitai | 豐臣 秀吉 | ||
| Kana | とよとみ ひでよし or とよとみ の ひでよし | ||
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Toyotomi Hideyoshi (豊臣 秀吉, 17 March 1537 – 18 September 1598), otherwise known as Kinoshita Tōkichirō (木下 藤吉郎) and Hashiba Hideyoshi (羽柴 秀吉), was a Japanese samurai and daimyō (feudal lord) of the late Sengoku period and regarded as the second "Great Unifier" of Japan.[1][2]
Hideyoshi rose from a peasant background as a retainer of the prominent lord Oda Nobunaga to become one of the most powerful men in Japanese history. Hideyoshi succeeded Nobunaga after the Honnō-ji Incident in 1582 and continued Nobunaga's campaign to unite Japan that led to the closing of the Sengoku period. Hideyoshi became the de facto leader of Japan and acquired the prestigious positions of Chancellor of the Realm and Imperial Regent by the mid-1580s. Hideyoshi launched the Japanese invasions of Korea in 1592 to initial success, but eventual military stalemate damaged his prestige before his death in 1598. Hideyoshi's young son and successor Toyotomi Hideyori was displaced by Tokugawa Ieyasu at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 which would lead to the founding of the Tokugawa Shogunate.
Hideyoshi's rule covers most of the Azuchi–Momoyama period of Japan, partially named after his castle, Momoyama Castle. Hideyoshi left an influential and lasting legacy in Japan, including Osaka Castle, the Tokugawa class system, the restriction on the possession of weapons to the samurai, and the construction and restoration of many temples, some of which are still visible in Kyoto.
Early life (1537–1558)[edit]
Very little is known for certain about Toyotomi Hideyoshi before 1570, when he begins to appear in surviving documents and letters. His autobiography starts in 1577, but in it, Hideyoshi spoke very little about his past.
According to tradition, Hideyoshi was born on 16 February 1537 according to the lunar Japanese calendar (17 March 1537 according to the Julian calendar; 27 March 1537 (Proleptic Gregorian calendar)) in Nakamura, Owari Province (present-day Nakamura Ward, Nagoya), in the middle of the chaotic Sengoku period under the collapsed Ashikaga Shogunate. Hideyoshi had no traceable samurai lineage, and his father Kinoshita Yaemon was an ashigaru – a peasant employed by the samurai as a foot soldier.[3] Hideyoshi had no surname, and his childhood given name was Hiyoshi-maru (日吉丸) ("Bounty of the Sun") although variations exist. Yaemon died in 1543 when Hideyoshi was seven years old.[4]
Many legends describe Hideyoshi being sent to study at a temple as a young man, but he rejected temple life and went in search of adventure.[5] Under the name Kinoshita Tōkichirō (木下 藤吉郎), he first joined the Imagawa clan as a servant to a local ruler named Matsushita Yukitsuna (松下之綱). Hideyoshi traveled all the way to the lands of Imagawa Yoshimoto, the daimyo based in Suruga Province, and served there for a time, only to abscond with a sum of money entrusted to him by Matsushita Yukitsuna.[citation needed]
Service under Nobunaga (1558–1582)[edit]
In 1558, Hideyoshi became an ashigaru for the powerful Oda clan, the rulers of his home province of Owari, now headed by the ambitious Oda Nobunaga.[5] Hideyoshi soon became Nobunaga's sandal-bearer, a position of relatively high status. According to his biographers, Hideyoshi also supervised the repair of Kiyosu Castle, a claim described as "apocryphal", and managed the kitchen.[6] After Nobunaga noticed his talents, when Nobunaga defeated Imagawa Yoshimoto at the Battle of Okehazama in 1560, he became one of Nobunaga's trusted retainers.
In 1561, Hideyoshi married One, the adopted daughter of Asano Nagakatsu, a descendant of Minamoto no Yorimitsu. Hideyoshi carried out repairs on Sunomata Castle with his younger half-brother, Hashiba Koichirō, along with Hachisuka Masakatsu, and Maeno Nagayasu. Hideyoshi's efforts were well-received because Sunomata was in enemy territory, and according to legend Hideyoshi constructed a fort in Sunomata overnight and discovered a secret route into Mount Inaba, after which much of the local garrison surrendered.[7][citation needed]
In 1564, Hideyoshi was very successful as a negotiator. He managed to convince, mostly with liberal bribes, a number of Mino warlords to desert the Saitō clan. Hideyoshi approached many Saitō clan samurai and convinced them to submit to Nobunaga, including the Saitō clan's strategist, Takenaka Shigeharu.[citation needed]
Nobunaga's easy victory at the siege of Inabayama Castle in 1567 was largely due to Hideyoshi's efforts,[8] and despite his peasant origins, in 1568 Hideyoshi became one of Nobunaga's most distinguished generals, eventually taking the name Hashiba Hideyoshi (羽柴 秀吉). The new surname included two characters, one each from Oda's right-hand men, Niwa Nagahide (丹羽 長秀), Shibata Katsuie (柴田 勝家) and the new given name included chracters from Akechi Mitsuhide (明智 光秀), Mori Yoshinari (森 吉成).
In 1570, Hideyoshi protected Nobunaga's retreat from Azai-Asakura forces at Kanegasaki. Hideyoshi's rear-guard defense of his lord's escape is one of his fabled accomplishments under Nobunaga. Later in June 1570, at the Battle of Anegawa, in which Oda Nobunaga allied with Tokugawa Ieyasu to lay siege to two fortresses of the Azai and Asakura clans, Hideyoshi was assigned to lead Oda troops into open battle for the first time.[6][9]
In 1573, after victorious campaigns against the Azai and Asakura, Nobunaga appointed Hideyoshi daimyō of three districts in the northern part of Ōmi Province. Initially, Hideyoshi based at the former Azai headquarters at Odani Castle but moved to Kunitomo town and renamed it "Nagahama" in tribute to Nobunaga. Hideyoshi later moved to the port at Imahama on Lake Biwa, where he began work on Imahama Castle and took control of the nearby Kunitomo firearms factory that had been established some years previously by the Azai and Asakura. Under Hideyoshi's administration, the factory's output of firearms increased dramatically.[10] Later, Hideyoshi participated in the 1573 siege of Nagashima.[11]
In 1574, Hideyoshi along with Araki Murashige, captured Itami Castle and later in 1575, fought in the Battle of Nagashino against the Takeda clan.[12]
In 1576, he took part at the Siege of Mitsuji part of the eleven-year Ishiyama Hongan-ji War. Later, Nobunaga sent Hideyoshi to Himeji Castle to conquer the Chūgoku region from the Mori clan. Hideyoshi then fought in the Battle of Tedorigawa (1577), the siege of Miki (1578), the siege of Tottori (1581) and also Siege of Takamatsu (1582).[11]
Death of Nobunaga[edit]
During the Siege of Takamatsu, on June 21, 1582, Oda Nobunaga and his eldest son and heir, Nobutada, were killed in the Honnō-ji incident by the forces of the traitorous Akechi Mitsuhide. Their assassination in Honnō-ji temple in Kyoto ended Nobunaga's quest to consolidate centralised power in Japan under his authority.
Hideyoshi, seeking vengeance for the death of his lord, made peace with the Mōri clan and thirteen days later met Mitsuhide and defeated him at the Battle of Yamazaki, avenging his lord (Nobunaga) and taking Nobunaga's authority and power for himself.[11]: 275–279
Rise to power (1582–1585)[edit]
Construction of Osaka Castle[edit]
In 1582, Hideyoshi began construction of Osaka Castle. Built on the site of the temple Ishiyama Hongan-ji, which was destroyed by Nobunaga,[13] in 1597, construction was completed and the castle would become the last stronghold of the Toyotomi clan after Hideyoshi's death.[14]
Conflict with Katsuie[edit]
In late 1582, Hideyoshi was in a very strong position. He summoned the powerful daimyō to Kiyosu Castle so that they could determine Nobunaga's heir. Oda Nobukatsu and Oda Nobutaka quarreled, causing Hideyoshi to instead choose Nobunaga's grandson Samboshi, whose other name was Hidenobu.[15] Katsuie initially supported the choice of Samboshi, Nobunaga's grandson.[16] but he later supported Oda Nobutaka, Nobunaga's third son, for whom Katsuie had performed the genpuku ritual. He then allied with Oda Nobutaka and Takigawa Kazumasu against Hideyoshi who was allied with Oda Nobukatsu. Having won the support of the other two Oda clan elders, Niwa Nagahide and Ikeda Tsuneoki, Hideyoshi established Hidenobu's position, as well as his own influence in the Oda clan. He distributed Nobunaga's provinces among the generals and formed a council of four generals to help him govern. Tension quickly escalated between Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Shibata Katsuie, and at the Battle of Shizugatake in the following year, Hideyoshi destroyed Katsuie's forces.[17] Hideyoshi had thus consolidated his own power, dealt with most of the Oda clan, and controlled 30 provinces.[8]: 313–314 The famous kirishitan daimyo and samurai Dom Justo Takayama fought on his side at this epic battle.
Conflict with Ieyasu[edit]
In 1584, Nobunaga's other son, Oda Nobukatsu, remained hostile to Hideyoshi. Nobukatsu allied himself with Tokugawa Ieyasu, and the two sides fought at the inconclusive Battle of Komaki and Nagakute. It ultimately resulted in a stalemate, although Hideyoshi's forces were delivered a heavy blow.[7] Ieyasu and Hideyoshi never actually fought against each other themselves but the former managed to check the advance of the latter's allies.[18] Finally, after Hideyoshi and Ieyasu heard the news of Ikeda Tsuneoki and Mori Nagayoshi deaths, Hideyoshi and Ieyasu withdrew their troops. Later, Hideyoshi made peace with Nobukatsu and Ieyasu, ending the pretext for war between the Tokugawa and Hashiba clans. Hideyoshi sent Tokugawa Ieyasu his younger sister Asahi no kata and mother Ōmandokoro as hostages.
Toyotomi clan and Imperial Court appointment[edit]
Like Oda Nobunaga before him, Hideyoshi never achieved the title of shōgun. Instead, he arranged to have himself adopted by Konoe Sakihisa, one of the noblest men belonging to the Fujiwara clan and secured a succession of high court titles Chancellor (Daijō-daijin), including, in 1585, the prestigious position of Imperial Regent (kampaku).[19] Also in 1585, Hideyoshi was formally given the new clan name Toyotomi (instead of Fujiwara) by the Imperial Court.[7] He built a lavish palace, the Jurakudai, in 1587, and entertained the reigning Emperor, Emperor Go-Yōzei, the following year.[20]
Unification of Japan (1585–1592)[edit]
林皎碧
松本清張有名的推理小說，大致都讀過了，偶然在網路上看到這本《佐渡流人行》，心想松本清張也寫時代推理小說嗎？連內容說明都沒看，就按進購物車，收到書一擺就一年。這些日子，讀平安文學讀到有些厭倦了，於是轉讀比較刺激的殺人推理小說。
・
不愧是洞悉人性的「松本清張」啊！書中收錄的短篇小說《腹中之敵》再次令我五體投地。描述織田信長重臣丹羽長秀，看著出身卑微的羽柴（豐臣）秀吉，因戰功彪炳而一路扶搖直上的心理變化過程。
・
丹羽長秀一開始對秀吉，抱持著前輩看待晚輩出人頭地的寬容和善意，眼見織田信長對秀吉因戰功而種種賞賜和優遇，漸漸感到不是滋味。由於他本身所具有的理智，總還能克制這種吃味的情緒，直到「本能寺之變」後秀吉飛黃騰達，秀吉嘴說為感謝而以若狹、近江、越前等廣大領地相贈，丹羽長秀的心中有如山崩石塌，這已不是前輩與晚輩，而是君與臣的關係，心中悲憤卻不知如何控訴。
・
從此以後，丹羽長秀躲在領地稱病，豐臣秀吉派人帶著起誓信函前來催促上京，他自是婉拒。二個月後，丹羽長秀切開自己的腹部，據說他罹患當時屬絕症的結石病，自知無法治癒而揚言：「奪吾性命之敵在此，不討此敵，焉能赴死？」他掏出腹內一塊血肉模糊的異物，大喊：「正是此廝！」舉刀將異物砍得爛碎。丹羽長秀嘴上不說，心中認為此物就是秀吉。
・松本清張寫的是丹羽長秀和豐臣秀吉之間的微妙關係
，讀來卻有如現代職場裡先進與後進的關係，年輕人只要不威脅到老人，一切都好說，否則大部分情況只有被壓抑的份啦。壓抑不住時，老人只好悲憤而死嗎？
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