偉大的恩格斯 Frederick Engels (28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895)
《恩格斯的自白》（1868年4月於倫敦）[9] ：
- 喜愛的優點：
- 一般人：愉快
- 男人：莫管閒事
- 女人：善於安置物品
- 特點：凡事一知半解
- 對幸福的理解：飲1848年的瑪歌酒莊紅酒
- 對不幸的理解：找牙科醫生
- 能原諒的缺點：各種各樣的無節制
- 厭惡的缺點：偽善
- 厭惡的是：矯揉造作、傲慢不遜的女人
- 最不喜歡的人物：查爾斯·司布真
- 喜歡做的事：捉弄人和被人捉弄
- 喜愛的男英雄：一個也沒有
- 喜愛的女英雄：太多了，一個也舉不出來
- 喜愛的詩人：「 狐狸－萊涅克 」、莎士比亞、阿里歐斯托等等
- 喜愛的散文家：歌德、萊辛、扎梅耳松博士
- 喜愛的花：風鈴草
- 喜愛的顏色：任何一種，只要不是苯胺染料
- 喜愛的菜：涼菜：沙拉；熱菜：愛爾蘭燜肉
- 喜愛的格言：一無所有
- 喜愛的箴言：從容不迫
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In 1844, in Paris, Engels met and formed his lifelong intellectual partnership with Karl Marx. Engels showed Marx his book; [2][3] convincing Marx that the working class could be the agent and instrument of the final revolution in history.
The Condition of the Working Class in England (German: Die Lage der arbeitenden Klasse in England) is an 1845 book by the German philosopher Friedrich Engels, a study of the industrial working class in Victorian England. Engels' first book, it was originally written in German as Die Lage der arbeitenden Klasse in England; an English translation was published in 1885. It was written during Engels' 1842–44 stay in Manchester, the city at the heart of the Industrial Revolution, and compiled from Engels' own observations and detailed contemporary reports.
After their second meeting in 1844, Karl Marx read and was profoundly impressed by the book.
Summary[edit]
In Condition, Engels argues that the Industrial Revolution made workers worse off. He shows, for example, that in large industrial cities such as Manchester and Liverpool, mortality from disease (such as smallpox, measles, scarlet fever and whooping cough) was four times that in the surrounding countryside, and mortality from convulsions was ten times as high. The overall death-rate in Manchester and Liverpool was significantly higher than the national average (1 in 32.72, 1 in 31.90 and even 1 in 29.90, compared with 1 in 45 or 46). An interesting example shows the increase in the overall death-rates in the industrial town of Carlisle was before the introduction of mills (1779–87), 4,408 out of 10,000 children died before reaching the age of five, and after their introduction, the figure rose to 4,738. Before the introduction of mills, 1,006 out of 10,000 adults died before reaching 39 years old, and after their introduction, the death rate rose to 1,261 out of 10,000.
Engels' interpretation proved to be extremely influential with British historians of the Industrial Revolution. He focused on both the workers' wages and their living conditions. He argued that the industrial workers had lower incomes than their pre-industrial peers and they lived in more unhealthy and unpleasant environments. This proved to be a very wide-ranging critique of industrialization and one that was echoed by many of the Marxist historians who studied the industrial revolution in the 20th century.[1]
Originally addressed to a German audience, the book is considered by many to be a classic account of the universal condition of the industrial working class during its time. The eldest son of a successful German textile industrialist, Engels became involved in radical journalism in his youth. Sent to England, what he saw there made him even more radical.
In 1844, in Paris, Engels met and formed his lifelong intellectual partnership with Karl Marx. Engels showed Marx his book; [2][3] convincing Marx that the working class could be the agent and instrument of the final revolution in history.[4][5]
W. O. Henderson and W. H. Chaloner, who edited a recent edition of The Condition of the Working Class in England, say that the book was based on incomplete evidence but that it established Engels's reputation among socialists.[6]
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