2022年11月8日 星期二

晚年萬事皆關心 (七十自壽 10)：美國科技戰略"Mid-Decade Challenges to National Competitiveness" 及決策過程。秋陽到立冬。友情。天心月圓 (11月9晨5時)，道元(Dogen) 明惠 川端康成[源氏物語與芭蕉] 'Try to be a little kinder. ’ 李明宗 羅漢Arhat....從ˇ德明獎說起"， 張忠樸，尋智 1996年年底紀念研討會


美國科技戰略及決策過程"Mid-Decade Challenges to National Competitiveness" 。......天心月圓 (11月9晨5時)道元 明惠      川端康成[源氏物語與芭蕉]  'Try to be a little kinder. ’ 李明宗    羅漢Arhat....從ˇ德明獎說起"，  張忠樸，尋智 1996年年底紀念研討會
https://www.facebook.com/hanching.chung/videos/842561910273208


Chong-Pin Lin

前谷哥總裁施密特 2021.10-2022.8 招集225專家開了 26 次小組討論會，寫成報告成為拜登在中共20大會議前煞習近平威風而宣佈的對中出口管制法令。
那被稱為美國有史以來最嚴厲對中國制裁。華府智庫CSIS 稱之為"strangling with the intention to kill" (意圖致死的勒脖子)
施密特稱川普對中國貿易戰是失敗的。
2022.9.14 PC Mag英文報導全文如下：
Former Google CEO Eric Schmidt Warns China Could Cripple US Military, Economy
A report from the Special Competitive Studies Project gives the US until the end of the decade to counter this 'destiny-shaping' threat.
By Matthew Humphries
PC Mag September 14, 2022
(Credit: Getty Images/MF3d)
A new report from a US think tank chaired by former Google CEO Eric Schmidt is raising alarm bells over China's potential to win the technology race and in the process cripple the US economy and military.
Entitled "Mid-Decade Challenges to National Competitiveness(Opens in a new window)," the report was compiled by the Special Competitive Studies Project (SCSP)(Opens in a new window) think tank over a period of 10 months (Oct. 2021 to Aug. 2022). During that time, four board meetings and 26 panel meetings were held with more than 225 experts including "government officials, technologists, academic leaders." The conclusions make for stark reading, suggesting that microeletcronics, artificial intelligence, and 5G are "destiny-shaping technology" for the US between now and 2030.
The report states that those three areas of technology "tell the story of a nation (and its allies) coming perilously and unwittingly close to ceding the strategic technology landscape and along with it the capacity to shape the future." That's because the US economy, society, and national security all rely on them, which is why China gaining dominance in these areas is viewed as so dangerous.
The US government is taking a much harder line towards China and its access to advanced technology this year, and as The Register reports(Opens in a new window), this new report helps make it very clear why.
In a section entitled "What Does Losing Look Like?" The worst case scenario seems to be a situation where China takes control of Taiwan and cuts off the supply of rare earth minerals to the US, which would mean, "America’s military is crippled, and the nation is plunged into a depression," and "Americans are forced to live in a world where China can turn off the technology tap."
So what is the solution to prevent this from happening? The SCSP believes 2025-2030 is the critical period where China must succeed in bolstering its military capabilities while executing its "techno-economic strategy." The US can counter that by solving six challenges detailed in the report, which are:
1. Harness innovation across commercial, academic, and government sectors to build an advantage in critical technologies.
2. Use government intervention and investment to bring technology hardware manufacturing back to the US.
3. Sort out AI governance while also allowing for technology breakthroughs and their swift implementation to improve lives and gain an advantage in many sectors.
4. Double-down on technological solutions and standards to keep the internet open, interoperable, and secure.
5. Adopt a new military strategy referred to as "Offset-X" and focused on "distributed and networked operations, human-machine collaboration, human-machine teaming, primacy in software-centric warfare, resilience, and greater technological interoperability and interchangeability with allies and partners."
6. Perform a digital transformation in the US Intelligence Community by leveraging "dedicated, tech-driven, open source organization" and creating new capacities for capturing foreign economic, financial, and tech intelligence.
The reports concludes by stating:
"As the world enters another disruptive technological age, the United States faces a rival in China that is already pivoting and positioning to dominate a similar slate of "deep tech" and "frontier tech." Whether the United States can rise to the occasion and harness the promise of the pending wave of revolutionary technologies will determine who wins the 21st century."


很可参考。

李明宗

「善意」，最重要的人性展現
李明宗
讀到彭歌先生的大文[林語堂與中華民國筆會]，提到林先生主持筆會時，曾邀請得諾貝爾獎的川端康成來台演講，川端康成主講的題目是[源氏物語與芭蕉]，演講的準備於過程都很精彩，難以節錄，就翻拍數頁分享。我只抄錄該文最後一段如下:
【他一再強調「善意在人生中是如此的重要」; 他解釋他之所以能夠獲得諾貝爾文學獎的理由，「是因為他們認識了我的作品中所表現的對於善意的感激。」這一句話，對於東方的青年作家們應具有極大的啟示作用。】
「善意」，沒想到川端康成竟然如此重視「善意」!
我聯想到曾經介紹過阿道斯·赫胥黎（Aldous Huxley，1894－1963 ）之智慧雋語，他是舉世知名的作家，可說是最頂尖的知識份子。
他有一則雋語不但很溫暖，且具有極高的智慧，原文是這樣：
“It is a bit embarrassing to have been concerned with the human problem all one's life and find at the end that one has no more to offer by way of advice than 'Try to be a little kinder.’ ”
(說起來有點困窘，耗費畢生專注於人類的問題，到頭來卻發現沒有什麼比勸人「設法善良一點」更好的建言。)
這麼簡單的理念，卻是極為高端的知識份子晚年最深刻的體悟，回歸到人性本質的「善良」，這是對世人非常重要的啟發。





Hanching Chung

212 日本水墨画家「雪舟」Sesshu（1420-1506年） ；莊喆老師的「雪舟破墨山水図變奏11幅」(2020年10月27日夜 facebook 2020年10月27日夜直播介紹)
未提供相片說明。
林家成和熊智翔
讚
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mrigasira




 阿羅漢, 羅漢)
Arhat - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Arhat

In Buddhism, an arhat (Sanskrit: अर्हत्) or arahant (Pali: अरहन्त्, 𑀅𑀭𑀳𑀦𑁆𑀢𑁆) is one who has gained insight into the true nature of ...
‎Meaning · ‎Attainments · ‎Translations · ‎Explanatory notes



arhat | Buddhism - Encyclopedia Britannica
https://www.britannica.com › topic › arhat

arhat, (Sanskrit: “one who is worthy”) , Pali arahant, in Buddhism, a perfected person, one who has gained insight into the true nature of existence and has ...
缺少字詞： ARHATHOOD ‎| 必須包含以下字詞： ARHATHOOD



definition of Arhathood by The Free Dictionary
https://www.thefreedictionary.com › Arh...


(Buddhism) a Buddhist, esp a monk who has achieved enlightenment and at death passes to nirvana. Compare Bodhisattva. [from Sanskrit: worthy of respect, ...

巴利語arahant與梵語arhat，意爲值得崇拜的人，故譯作「應供」，是動詞字根√arh（意思是值得）的現在分詞[2]。其字源可能是來自於巴利語araha或梵語arha，意思是「值得的」、「有價值的」。變化成名詞，意思是「傑出的人」、「有價值的人」。另外，arhaṇa是「有資格的」，arhita (過去分詞)是「受尊敬的」、「獲崇拜的」[3]。

這個字在釋迦牟尼與佛教出現之前就存在。最早出現在《梨俱吠陀》中[4][5]。之後在佛教與耆那教的文獻中，多次使用這個字，在印度教中的毘濕奴派經典中也曾出現。

語義[編輯]

佛陀十號中，包括阿羅漢[6]。名含三義：

  1. 應供：佛的十種稱號當中就有「應供」一項，而「應供」的梵語其實正是「阿羅漢」。阿羅漢福慧俱足，為眾生之福田，供養阿羅漢可以修福，以其能教眾生如何修福、修慧、斷煩惱。
  2. 殺賊：「賊」指煩惱包括一念無明及無始無明煩惱，使眾生有損﹝障礙解脫出離三界或是障礙成佛﹞。阿羅漢斷除所有煩惱，故云「殺賊」。
  3. 無生：無生是不再受生死果報，出離了三界六道輪迴。

佛光大辭典指出梵語 arhan，為梵語 arhat（阿羅漢）之單數主格，意譯受供養、受尊敬，故認為上述三義中，以應供一義較為適切[7]。

另外，阿羅漢又被稱為無學（梵語：aśaiksa，巴利語：asekha），指的是在四向四果中，除最後之阿羅漢果外，其餘四向三果等七者皆為有學；相對於此，證得阿羅漢果者，已斷盡一切煩惱而無所學習，稱為無學。大乘佛教則謂十地以前之菩薩皆為有學，佛果方為無學。

概論[編輯]

根據原始佛教、部派佛教的定義，阿羅漢包括了佛陀、辟支佛和聲聞阿羅漢，佛說過阿羅漢已經「永無來生」[8]，永遠不會再繼續輪迴。在佛世之中，即還有佛法流傳的時代裡，不會有第二尊佛或其他辟支佛出現[9]，只有聲聞阿羅漢出現。聲聞就是聽聞佛或佛弟子說法的意思。

斷惑究竟的修行者，已證三果後，能夠進一步斷「五上分結」(色貪、無色貪、掉舉、慢、無明）[10]，即可證入阿羅漢果。證入阿羅漢果的聖者，將會自覺：「我生已盡，梵行已立，所作已作，自知不受後有。」阿羅漢於『六恆住』法常善安住，在面對色聲香味觸法等六境時，恆常不動「不苦不樂，捨心，住正念正智」[11]，一切外境「不能妨心解脫、慧解脫」[12]，有些阿羅漢弟子可以證得三明六通。

傳統上認為，證阿羅漢果之後的修行者，都會出家，加入僧團。但是上座部佛教的《論事》記載中，上座部佛教之外的其它部派曾有在家阿羅漢的說法，覺音註釋稱其為北道派提出，北道派認為在家眾也可以證阿羅漢果，在證阿羅漢果之後也不一定需要出家，上座部佛教的《彌蘭王問經》記載在家弟子證阿羅漢果後如果沒有在當天入滅就會出家[13]。

根據原始佛教研究者的定義，阿羅漢是依照正法修行而達到涅槃的聖者，離貪斷愛，名色識三者不再相依相緣，再有再生之因緣滅盡，無因緣可記說。

分類[編輯]

在北傳佛教經典中，有九無學[14]和六種阿羅漢[15]的記載。是否有「退法阿羅漢」，是部派佛教部派根本分歧之一，其中大眾部和分別說部宗義為「阿羅漢無退義」[16]，而說一切有部宗義為「阿羅漢有退義」[17]。

慧解脫[編輯]

在經典記載中阿羅漢還可分為兩大類：

  1. 慧解脫阿羅漢
  2. 俱解脫阿羅漢

慧解脫阿羅漢是指不依禪定，於四禪定未俱足，卻能以智慧解脫的阿羅漢聖者，最早出現於《雜阿含經》347經（相當於南傳相應部《須深經》）[18]。

但瑜伽行派認為，以智慧解脫的阿羅漢聖者，至少還是要有近初禪定的定力才能得解脫[19]，而俱解脫阿羅漢則必須是同時擁有四禪定與解脫智慧。

現代南傳上座部佛教將慧解脫者聯繫於其聖典註釋體系中的純觀行者（Sukkha-vipassaka）。

十六羅漢[編輯]

主條目：十六羅漢

十六羅漢（或稱十六阿羅漢、十六尊者）是釋迦牟尼的得道弟子。十六羅漢的名字早有佛經所載。後來十六羅漢傳入中國後，約於唐末至五代十國時期演變為十八羅漢。

十八羅漢[編輯]

主條目：十八羅漢

一說是因為漢人認為9為吉祥的數字，所以將原本的十六羅漢加上兩位成為十八位。台語單身漢稱羅漢腳，據說舊時單身漢會到廟廊刻有羅漢牆下遮雨睡覺即是

形象[編輯]

漢傳佛教常塑有十六羅漢、十八羅漢或五百羅漢像。

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